Amazon forest fires melting glaciers over 2,000 km away in Andes: Study - Pragnya IAS Academy - News Analysis.

Amazon forest fires melting glaciers over 2,000 km away in Andes: Study.

The study, published in the journal Scientific Reports, found that aerosols from biomass burning, such as black carbon, can be transported by wind to tropical Andean glaciers

Fires in the Amazon rainforest are melting glaciers more than 2,000 kilometres away in the Andes mountain range in South America, according to a study.
The study, published in the journal Scientific Reports, found that aerosols from biomass burning, such as black carbon, can be transported by wind to tropical Andean glaciers.
There they are deposited in snow, and have the potential to increase glacier melting, as snow that is darkened by black carbon or dust particles reflects less light (reduced albedo), the researchers said.
Newton de Magalhaes Neto from Rio de Janeiro State University in Brazil, and his colleagues modelled the possible effect of biomass burning in the Amazon Basin on the Bolivian Zongo Glacier.
They used data collected between 2000 and 2016 on fire events, the movement of smoke plumes, precipitation, and glacier melting.
The researchers focussed their analyses on the years 2007 and 2010, when fire seasons were the most critical for the Amazon Basin.
They investigated the snow albedo reduction due to black carbon alone, and black carbon in the presence of previously reported quantities of dust.
Their model showed that black carbon or dust alone had the potential to increase annual glacier melting by 3-4 per cent, or by 6 per cent when both were present.
If dust concentrations were high, dust alone had the potential to increase annual melting by 11-13 per cent, and by 12-14 per cent in the presence of black carbon, according to the researchers.
The findings suggest that the impact of Amazon biomass burning depends on the dust content in snow, they said.
Pressure related to global food demand may result in further expansion of Brazilian agriculture and deforestation, resulting in enhanced black carbon and carbon dioxide emissions that may impact Andean glaciers, the researchers said. (Source: The Business Standard)


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Amazon forest fires melting glaciers over 2,000 km away in Andes: Study.

Amazon rainforest drying out due to human activity, shows NASA study - Pragnya IAS Academy - News Analysis.

Amazon rainforest drying out due to human activity, shows NASA study.

The Amazon rainforest is drying out due to rising human activity, leaving the already endangered ecosystem more vulnerable to fires and drought.

This was revealed by a NASA study based on data collected over 20 years. NASA scientists at the agency’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, looked at ground and satellite data to track moisture in Amazon rainforest’s atmosphere for this study.

“We observed that in the last two decades, there has been a significant increase in dryness in the atmosphere as well as in the atmospheric demand for water above the rainforest,” said JPL’s Armineh Barkhordarian, lead author of the study. “In comparing this trend to data from models that estimate climate variability over thousands of years, we determined that the change in atmospheric aridity is well beyond what would be expected from natural climate variability.”
Increasing human activity in Amazon, mainly burning of the forests is causing the climate to get warmer. The study showed that the burning of forests results in the release of particles called aerosols into the atmosphere, which includes black carbon or soot and these interfere with rain patterns.
The reason is that these dark aerosols absorb radiation and heat from the sun causing the atmosphere to get warmer, which impacts cloud formation and, consequently, rainfall. The reason that this is worrying is because the Amazon is the largest rainforest on Earth and removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to help keep temperatures down and regulate climate.
According to NASA, “rainforests generate as much as 80% of their own rain, especially during the dry season.” But the disruption of this cycle means longer dryer seasons.
“It’s a matter of supply and demand. With the increase in temperature and drying of the air above the trees, the trees need to transpire to cool themselves and to add more water vapor into the atmosphere. But the soil doesn’t have extra water for the trees to pull in,” said JPL’s Sassan Saatchi, co-author of the study. The worry is that the forests will no longer be able to sustain themselves in the future.
The most significant and systematic drying of the atmosphere has been observed in the southeast region, NASA’s study showed a bulk of deforestation and agricultural expansion is happening. But they also found episodic drying in the northwest Amazon, an area that typically has no dry season.
NASA’s study warns that if this trend continues, many of the trees and the species that live within the rainforest ecosystem will die out. When trees dies, they will release carbon dioxide in the air, and the fewer trees, the less carbon dioxide that the Amazon will absorb, which will spell further disaster for climate regulation on Earth as a whole. (Source: The Indian Express)
New satellite images published on Monday by the European Space Agency show an increase in air pollution in the Brazilian Amazon while fires burned in the region last month.
Several maps showed more carbon monoxide and other pollutants in August than in the previous month, when there were fewer fires.
The agency said fires released carbon dioxide once stored in the Amazon forests back into the atmosphere, potentially having an impact on the global climate and health.
Burning continues in the Amazon despite a 60-day ban on land-clearing fires that was announced last month by President Jair Bolsonaro.
Data from Brazil’s National Institute for Space Research showed the number of fires in all of Brazil has surpassed 100,000 so far this year, up 45 per cent compared to the same period in 2018.
Health experts say studies show that air pollution, whether it is small particles or gases, leads to an increase in cardiovascular conditions and lung problems, especially among young children and the elderly.


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Amazon rainforest drying out due to human activity, shows NASA study.